1 - Node and Express 101
Learning Objectives
By the end of this lesson students should be able to:
Explain what Node.js is.
Explain what Express is.
Create a simple REST API using Express.
Explain what Postman is and how it works.
Working with GET Requests using Postman.
Working with POST Requests using Postman.
Communicating with the server.
Implement routing to return different resources depending on the URL.
Implement query parameters to return different content.
What is Node.js?
Node.js is an open-source* and cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment. The runtime environment is the environment in which a program or application is executed. It's the hardware and software infrastructure that supports the running of a particular codebase in real time.
Node.js runs the V8 JavaScript engine (the core of Google Chrome) outside of the browser. This allows Node.js to be very performant. A Node.js app runs in a single process, without creating a new thread for every request. Threads are a way for a program to divide (termed "split") itself into two or more simultaneously (or pseudo-simultaneously) running tasks.
Node.js has a unique advantage because millions of front-end developers that write JavaScript for the browser can write the server-side code in addition to the client-side code without the need to learn a completely different language.
*Open source is a term that originally referred to open source software (OSS). Open source software is code that is designed to be publicly accessible—anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see fit.
What is Express?
Express.js or simply Express is a minimal, open source and flexible Node.js web framework designed to make developing websites, web apps, and APIs much easier. It lets you structure a web application to handle multiple different http requests at a specific URL (Uniform Resource Locator).
Express helps you respond to requests with route support so that you may write responses to specific URLs. The nice thing about it is that it’s very simple and it’s open-source.
A route is a section of Express code that links an HTTP action ( GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, etc.) to a URL path/pattern, and a function that is called to handle that pattern.
Creating a simple Rest API
The REST abbreviation stands for representational state transfer. The definition can be conveyed with simpler words: data presentation for a client in the format that is convenient for it. One of the main points that you need to understand and remember is that REST is not a standard or protocol: it is an approach to, or architectural style for, writing APIs.
API stands for Application Programming Interface. It is a way to provide information for other applications. Basically, it enables communication between applications.
REST is an architectural style, and RESTful is the interpretation of it. This means that if your back-end server has a REST API and you make client-side requests (from a website/application) to this API, then your client is RESTful.
RESTful API best practices come down to four essential operations:
receiving data in a convenient format
creating new data
updating data
deleting data
Get started
Step 1: Go to the terminal and create a folder called node-web-server
Step 2: Go inside the project and generate the package.json file using npm init
package.json file using npm initYou can keep pressing 'enter' through all of the options that you will see in your terminal. After this, you will see that a file called package.json has been created automatically.
The terminal will look something like this once you execute npm init
Step 3: Install Express
Step 4: Create a file called server.js in the root/main project folder ( e.g. node-web-server )
server.js in the root/main project folder ( e.g. node-web-server )This is the file where we will configure all our routes.
Step 5: Paste the following code in your server.js file:
server.js file:Line 1: We already installed Express in Step 3, but we need to make sure it is included in this file specifically so we can use its methods. In Node.js, when you want to use a package in another file, you must require it. You can think of require as a need to import something. You can instantiate the package at the top of your file. Instantiate means creating an example or single occurrence of something and we assign that example or instance to a variable, for example "express"
Line 2: To initialise/create our server, we need to call the express()function. This will perform a set of operations behind the scene and create an Express application for us and we can assign it to the app variable.
Line 4: app.getis saying that when it gets that route, it should give the response that is specified in the function. It takes in two arguments: (1) the URL (2) the function that tells Express what to send back to the person making the request.
Line 8: One more step left: we need to set a port for our server to listen to. Think of a port as a door number; any requests that comes to the server will come via that door. Setting a port will allow us to find out where our server is running. We use the app.listenmethod to do this. This method takes two arguments: a port and a callback function telling it what to do once the server is running.
Note : If the port 3000 is in use (e.g. you already have a project running on port 3000), then your system will throw an error. In this case you will have to manually change port in Line 8 app.listen(3001) or app.listen(3002) or app.listen(3003) till you find the next available port and run the server with that.
When you run npm install package_name in the terminal, the package you want gets added as one of the dependencies into the package.json file:
The syntax it uses is semantic versioning (SEMVER), which means you can specify which version of the dependency you would like.
A star symbol (*) means it can be any version, whichever is the latest one.
A carrot symbol (^) prior to the version means I want that version or anything newer.
SEMVER : Given a version number (e.g "express": "4.15.3" ) MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH, increment the:
(
"express": "4.x.x") MAJOR version when you make incompatible API changes,(
"express": "x.15.x") MINOR version when you add functionality in a backwards compatible manner, and(
"express": "x.x.3") PATCH version when you make backwards compatible bug fixes.
Note : We never installed "jade" and "underscore". These are mentioned for explaining SEMVER and you can ignore these packages here.
Step 6: To run the application, change into the root directory of the project and type the following in the terminal:
Go to your browser and type the following URL (use port 3000 or whichever port you used in the previous step)
You should see “Hello Express” on your screen.
Note: Whenever you make any changes in your project, you will have to manually restart the server. You can do this by pressingctrl c on your keyboard to stop the current server and then repeat the step to start the server:node server.js
Step 7: Setting up a server to listen to changes automatically
Install the package nodemon globally on your machine by using following command:
When you install an npm package using the -g flag, that package gets installed in your system instead of in your program, and you do not need to install it ever again. Now you can usenodemon instead ofnode when running your app locally. Nodemon monitors your app for any changes and automatically restarts your application when you change anything. With thenode command, you have to restart manually after you make changes.
Go to your browser and go to port 3000 (or whichever port you used in step 5)
You should see “Hello Express”.
Step 8: Npm Scripts
package.json has various sections. scripts is one of them, and it allows you to write an npm script that you can run using npm run <script-name>.
Typically we can have a scripts section. The scripts are defined as JSON with the key-value script. Key is the command name that we will use to run and value is the command we want to run.
To exit the running the server, type crtl c. Instead of running the server with nodemon server.js every time, we can create an alias (a shortcut) for it in package.json.
Under the scripts property, add "start: nodemon server.js".
We can now run our server using npm start which will be an alias for nodemon server.js.Go to the terminal and type npm start and make sure that the server still runs.
What is Postman
Postman is a scalable API testing tool which started in 2012 to simplify the API workflow in testing and development.
Why Use Postman?
Developers use Postman for the following reasons:
Accessibility - To use the Postman tool, a developer can log into their own account, making it easy to access files anytime, anywhere, as long as a Postman application is installed on the computer.
Use of Collections - Postman lets users create collections for their Postman API calls. Each collection can have sub-folders and multiple requests. This helps in organizing your test suites.
Collaboration - Collections and environments can be imported or exported, making it easy to share files. A direct link can also be used to share collections.
Debugging - Postman console helps to check what data has been retrieved, making it easy to debug tests.
Continuous Integration - With its ability to support continuous integration, development practices are maintained.
How to download and install Postman
Postman is an Open Source tool and can be easily downloaded. Here are the steps to install:
Step 2) The message Your download is in progress'should now display on the Apps page. Once the Postman download is completed, click on Run
Step 3) Installation Starts
Step 4) In the next window, signup for a Postman Account
NOTE: There are two ways to sign up for a Postman account. One is to create a new Postman account, and the other is to use a Google account. Though Postman allows users to use the tool without logging in, signing up ensures that your collection is saved and can be accessed for later use.
Step 5) Select the workspace tools you need and click Save My Preferences
Step 6) You will see the Startup Screen
How to use Postman to execute APIs
Below is the Postman Workspace. Let's explore the step by step process on How to use Postman and different features of the Postman tool!
Note: Don't worry about all the features mentioned below, right now you just need a few.
New - This is where you will create a new request, collection or environment.
Import - This is used to import a collection or environment. There are options such as import from file, folder, link or paste raw text.
Runner - Automation tests can be executed through the Collection Runner. This will be discussed further in the next lesson.
Open New - Open a new tab, Postman Window or Runner Window by clicking this button.
My Workspace - You can create a new workspace individually or as a team.
Invite - Collaborate in a workspace by inviting team members.
History - Past requests that you have sent will be displayed in History. This makes it easy to track actions that you have done.
Collections - Organize your test suite by creating collections. Each collection may have sub-folders and multiple requests. A request or folder can be duplicated as well.
Request tab - This displays the title of the request you are working on. By default, "Untitled Request" would be displayed for requests without titles.
HTTP Request - Clicking this will display a drop-down list of different requests such as GET, POST, COPY, DELETE, etc. In Postman API testing, the most commonly used requests are GET and POST.
Request URL - Also known as an endpoint, this is where you will identify the link to where the API will communicate with.
Save - If there are changes to a request, clicking save is a must so that new changes will not be lost or overwritten.
Params - This is where you will write parameters needed for a request such as key values.
Authorization - In order to access APIs, proper authorization is needed. It may be in the form of a username and password, bearer token, etc.
Headers - You can set headers such as content type JSON, depending on the needs of the organization.
Body - This is where you can customize details in a request commonly used in POST request.
Pre-request Script - This is a script that will be executed before the request. Usually, pre-request scripts for the setting environment are used to ensure that tests will be run in the correct environment.
Tests - These are scripts executed during the request. It is important to have tests as it sets up checkpoints to verify if response status is OK, retrieved data is as expected and other tests.
Working with GET requests using Postman
GET requests are used to retrieve information from the given URL. There will be no changes done to the endpoint.
We will use the following URL for all examples in this Postman tutorial. It is a website for testing HTTP requests.
In the workspace
Set your HTTP request to GET.
Copy the link above in the request URL field,
Click Send
You will see a 200 OK message
There should be 10 user results in the body. This means that your test has run successfully.
Note: There may be cases that a Postman GET request is unsuccessful. It can be due to an invalid request URL, or that authentication is needed.
Working with POST Requests using Postman
POST requests are different from GET request because there is data manipulation: the user adds data to the endpoint. Using the same data from the previous tutorial on the GET request, let's now add our own user.
Step 1) Click a new tab to create a new request.
Step 2) In the new tab
Set your HTTP request to POST.
Switch to the Body tab
Step 3) In Body,
Click raw
Select JSON
Step 4) Copy and paste one user result from the previous GET request (see example below). Ensure that the code has been copied correctly with paired curly braces and brackets. Changeid to 11 andname to any desired name. You can also change other details like the address.
Step 5) Next,
Click Send.
Status: 201 Created should be displayed
The posted data are showing up in the body.
Communicating with the server
Now that we've built the server, we need to communicate with it. We are going to control the server with handler functions.
What is a handler function?
When a request reaches the server, we need a way of responding to it. In comes the handler function. The handler function is a function that receives requests and handles them, hence the name.
The handler function is always called with a req and res (= request and response) object. The response object is what gets sent back to the client. It contains the information that gets displayed in the web page. You can decide what to send back in your response.
What does a handler function look like in Express?
Here, we are telling our server to respond with "Hello World!" when someone tries to access the webpage.
1. Create your own handler function
Update your handler function like so:
Exercise: Try to
console.logtherequestobject inside the handler function. Send the request again with Postman, then go to your terminal to see what it looks like. You should see a lot of data coming through.
2. Check it out in Postman
Now, open Postman, and send a GET request to http://localhost:3000. If you see your message in Postman, congratulations! You have just sent your first response from the server.
Routing
At the moment our server only does one thing. When it receives a request from the / endpoint, it sends back the same response: "Yay Node!".
By making use of endpoints, we can make the server send different responses for different requests. This concept is called routing.
What is an endpoint?
An endpoint is the part of the URL which comes after /. For example: In this URL https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/users everything before /users is the base URL and /users is the endpoint. It's the URL which we used in Postman example to send a request.
What are the elements of a URL?
Create your own endpoints and send different responses
We're going to try sending different responses at different endpoints. Remember the app.get() method? To set up routing in your server, we just need to repeat this method with different endpoints.
For example:
Exercise: Add some code so that your server sends one message when the endpoint is
/nodeand another one when it's/migracode.
Query Parameters
So what is a query parameter?
In simple terms, a query string is the part of a URL after the question mark (?). It is meant to send small amounts of information to the server via the URL. This information is used as parameters to query a database or to filter results.
Here is an example of a URL with query strings attached:
1. Detect Query Parameters
We're going to try sending different responses at different endpoints. Remember the app.get() method? To set up routing in your server, we just need to repeat this method with different endpoints.
For example:
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